Donation Behavior

Group E Group E VU University 2011-2012 VU University 2011-2012 Donation Behaviour Noortje Vlek 2500825, Danny Kornman 2500148, Nicole Prince 2163470 Business Research Methods IBA1. 04 14th of October 2010 Teacher; Maria Aladjem Table of Contents 1. Introduction and problem statement3 2. Hypothesis Development4 2. 1 Personal link to the cause and intention to donate4 2. 2 Good brand personality of a non-profit organization and intention to donate4 2. 3 Income in relation to the intention to donate5 3. Method6 3. 1 Sample & Procedure6 3. 2 Measurement instruments6 3. Statistical analyses7 4. Results8 4. 1 Descriptive statistics8 4. 2 A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (hypothesis 1)9 4. 3 A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (hypothesis 2)9 4. 4 People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. (hypothesis 3)9 5. Conclusion and Discussion11 5. 1 Conclusions11 5. 2 Shortcomings and future research11 5. 3 Theoretical implications12 5. 4 Practical implications12 References12 1. Introduction and problem statement Nonprofit organizations are providing many critical services (e. g. culture activities, environmental issues, education, healthcare) since the 16th century (Venable, Rose, Bush & Gilbert, 2005). But in the last couple of decades Non-profit organizations are facing a lot of difficulties. Government has decided to reduce costs and therefore a significant reduction in governmental funding of donation programs has been made. (Venable, Rose, Bush & Gilbert, 2005) For instance, in England, government has decided to cut in charity funding. Non-profit sector in England will receive ? 10m less this year. Government regulations are not the only difficulty non-profit organizations have to deal with. Due to the economic crisis, the donations of non-profit organizations are decreasing. Only 12% of the non-profit organizations in the United States of America expect to run above the break-even point this year. Non-profit organizations that think they are able to cover their operating expenses is on ly 16 percent in both 2009 and 2010. People are saving rather than spending their money. The first cost they cut is giving money to charity. This is why the economy is slowly recovering. But at the same time the number of volunteers is increasing. Number of non-profit organizations has shown an explicit growth. In 1940 there were only 12. 500 non-profit organizations, in the United States of America. Today there are over 1,500,000 non-profit organizations registered. This is an increase of 12,000 %. Which lead to much more competition in the non-profit organizations sector. Therefore non-profit organizations are receiving less money. If we sum up all the above we come to following research question: What are the factors that have an effect on the intention to donate? . Hypothesis Development 2. 1 Personal link to the cause and intention to donate To convince people to donate to a charity, it is important for non-profit organizations to understand that people who have a link to the purpose of an organization are more likely to help them realizing their goals. Previous studies have shown that when an individual has a personal link to the goal of a non-profit organizati on, he or she will probably be more likely to donate to this organization (Sargeant & Woodlife, 2007) E. g. If someone has just been cured of cancer, this person knows how it is feels how it is to go through such an experience and would be more likely to donate to an organization that does research on a cure for this disease, like the American Cancer Society (ACS). The person donating doesn’t only do so because he/she has been told what good it would do for others, but mainly because this person has gone true the same experience as the one being donated to. The impact of this experience leads to a loyal donor. Therefore we expect that the more an individual is linked to the cause of an organization, the more likely this person is willing to donate: H1: A personal link to the cause has a positive direct effect on the intention to donate. 2. 2 Good brand personality of a non-profit organization and intention to donate Another factor that plays a role in donating is brand personality. As can be read in previous studies, non-profit organizations with a bad reputation discourage people from donating to these organizations (Knowles & Gomes, 2010). For instance Greenpeace has a very aggressive way of disapproving of certain companies or even certain government policies. They are often accused of being involved in illegal acts. This puts this organization in a difficult spot. People who are thinking of becoming a donor will take this into account. That is why it is important for a non-profit to have a good reputation. This can be achieved, for example, by providing a good service quality, keeping the donor informed what the organization is doing to reach their goal, but also how their money is being spent. For instance, if a manager of a large non-profit organization has an absurd high salary, people will lose their trust in the organization because they are not comfortable with the way their money is being spent. Therefore we assume it is necessary for an organization to be clear about their mission in order to create donor loyalty: H2: A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive direct effect on the intention to donate. 2. 3 Income in relation to the intention to donate People with a high level of income are more likely to donate to a non-profit organization, because these people are able to buy their necessity goods, take care of their family and are overall secure enough not have to worry about an uncertain future (Knowles & Gomes, 2010). As mentioned in the introduction, a higher level of income is defined as an income that is above standard, which is 65. 000 dollar a year. People with an income below standard are not always able to buy their necessity goods and can’t afford to donate. Let’s take students for example. They are already having problems coming around with their income and are not certain about their future, which will not lead to donating. Therefore we can posit: H3: People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. The hypothesis relationships are explained in figure 1. Figure 1 Conceptual Model Influences on donation Personal link to the cause Good brand personality Intention to donate Income Personal link to the cause Good brand personality Intention to donate Income Socio-Demographic Difference 3. Method 3. 1 Sample & Procedure When it comes to analysing the intention to donate, we are confronted with large relevant population. Since there aren’t many requirements to become a donor, it is possible for anyone to donate to a non-profit organization. By approaching our unit of analysis (18+) through an online questionnaire we would like to get a better view on the intention to donate. This was done with the use of non-probability samples, where not all elements have the same chance of being included in a sample. In our case we chose for the convenience sampling, since our population is quite vague and hard to define. This way we could be unrestricted, and it is easy to perform. The disadvantages that must be dealt with when it comes to holding a survey are that questions often remain multi-interpretable, the lack depth because of limited preparedness, and the respondents are more likely to give a socially acceptable answer. Some ways to solve these problems are that every consumer must receive an e-mail invitation to participate in a survey. This gives the company a chance to make sure that the same name and contact information isn't already assigned to another e-mail address in the system. Also a minimum time for completing an online survey can be set. This cuts down on cheaters who fly through the survey just randomly answering questions. 3. 2 Measurement instruments An online questionnaire was created for respondents to participate in the survey using the following measurement instruments. Independent variables Personal link to the cause was measured with four ways of being connected to the charity (i. e. , Someone I know has been effected by the issues dealt with by this charity, Someone I know might benefit from my support, My family has a strong link to this charity, This cause is not related to an important aspect of my life). A sum score was calculated by adding up the responses to the question whether respondents were offered these four options. Responses ranged from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Good brand personality was measured by the quality of the brand name, with the availability of seven options (i. e. , Honest, loving, compassionate, Reputable, Committed, Reliable, Financially stable). A sum score was calculated by adding up responses to the question whether respondents were offered these Seven options. Responses on this two sum score ranged from 1(completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Incomer was measured by asking respondents whether they had an income that was lower(0) or higher(1) than $65. 000. Dependent variable Intention to donate was measured with three statements: â€Å"Unlikely-Likely, Improbable-probable, Uncertain-certain†. Respondents could answer on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). 3. 3 Statistical analyses With the purpose of testing the three hypotheses presented above, three analyses are performed. In order to test the first hypothesis (A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to do) a regression analysis will be calculated between the personal link to the cause and the intention to. The second hypothesis (A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate) is also tested via a regression analysis in which a higher good brand personality has an effect on the intention to donate. The third hypothesis (People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income) is tested by means of an independent samples t-test. For all analyses, test values (r in case of the regressions and t in case of the t-test) with a significance of p?. 05 are deemed significant. 4. Results 4. 1 Descriptive statistics Before we start testing our hypothesis, there is a need to review the data obtained by interviewing the unit of analyses in order to check whether there are any outliers or undefined values. We reviewed the item range, percentages, means and standard deviation Results of this review are shown in table 1. Table 1 Variables, Ranges, Percentages, Means and Standard Deviation Variable| Range| Percentage| Mean, SD| Personal link to the cause| 1. 25 – 7. 00 | -| M= 4. 80; SD = 1. 03| Good brand personality| 2. 14 – 6. 34| -| M = 4. 60; SD = 0. 90| Income| 0 – 1| 0. (less than 65,000) = 47%1. (more than 65,000) = 53%| -| Intention to donate| 1. 0 – 7. 00| -| M= 4. 95; SD=0. 90| Seemingly, the data collected do not hold any outliers. Therefore the next step can be taken, which is to construe these descriptive analyses. As can be seen in the table above, in a general sense the respondents interpreted a personal link to the cause and a good brand personality quite h igh. The data shows that on average the respondents offered both, personal link as a good brand personality a 5. The income division is almost 50-50, and in a general sense the respondents had an above average intention to donate. Now we move on to the hypothesis testing analyze. The overall fit of the model: The 5. 9% of the variance of the dependent variable is explained by the model including the two independent variables. 4. 2 A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (Hypothesis 1) Hypothesis 1 was tested with a regression analysis. This way we can determine whether a (higher) personal link to the cause also leads also to the intention to donate. The raw SPSS output will be given in Appendix 1. As indicated by the analysis, the regression reveals a positive and insignificant effect between a personal link and the intention to donate (? -. 053 p;0. 26). Therefore, we have to reject Hypothesis 1. 4. 3 A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (Hypothesis 2) Hypothesis 2 was also tested with a regression analysis. This way we can determine whether a good brand personality leads to an intention to donate. The raw SPSS output will be given in Appendix 1. As indi cated by the analysis, the regression reveals a positive and significant effect between a personal link and the intention to donate (? =0. 26, p;0. 001). Therefore, we Hypothesis 2 is supported. . 4 People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. (Hypothesis 3) Hypothesis 3 was tested with an independent samples t-test. The raw SPSS output is given in Appendix 1. As indicated by the t-test, people with a higher income (M=5. 11) are significantly more likely to donate than people with a lower income (M=4. 86). (p ; 0. 02). Therefore, Hypothesis 3 is supported. In table 2 a summary of this study’s hypotheses will be given as well as the results of all hypothesis-testing analyses. Table 2 Summary of hypothesis and results Hypothesis| Result| H1: A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. | Not supported| H2: A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. | Supported| H3: People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. | Supported| 5. Conclusion and Discussion 5. 1 Conclusions In this study we have discussed two different factors (a personal link to the cause and brand personality) that have an effect on the intention to donate between people with higher income and people with lower income. According to the results of our regression analysis, people who have a personal link to the cause of a non-profit organization are not more likely to donate then people who don’t have a personal link to the non-profit organization. A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is that a personal link to the cause is an important factor for these organizations, but not sufficient for people to become more likely to donate. Previous studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the intention to donate and a personal link to the cause (Sargeant ; Woodliffe 2007). A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is that there were not a lot of people in our survey who had a personal link to the cause. As we expected from our hypothesis people are indeed more likely to donate to a non profit organization with a good brand personality than to an organization with a perverse brand personality. The expected difference in the intention to donate between people with a higher income and people with a lower income was found in our analysis. According to our data, people are indeed more likely to donate when their income becomes higher. With this information we can conclude that people take their income into account when it comes to making a donation. 5. 2 Shortcomings and future research One of the shortcomings of our study lies in the fact that we might have had some multi-interpretable questions with the lack of depth because of limited preparedness. A second restriction is that our analysis might be influenced by some personal bias. It could be that people were influenced to give a social responsible answer. The third limitation is based on the fact that all our data was collected at one point at the time. If we would have found for example that people with a personal link to the cause were more likely to donate, we still could not conclude that this will always be the case; therefore you have to collect data over a longer period of time. If we sum up all shortcomings, future research on the intention to donate should focus on taking the survey separately, so that people could not influence each other and therefore not the outcome of the data. The data should be collected over a longer period of time to get a better insight if people with a higher income change their donation behavior. . 3 Theoretical implications What do we learn from this study? Was existing theory confirmed or rejected? One theoretical assumption of this research is that a personal link to the cause and brand personality would lead to a higher intention to donate. This study shows however that this is not necessarily true according to the personal link to the cause of a nonprofit organization. Moreover, this researc h has shown that a higher income would have a positive effect on the intention to donate, as we expected. 5. 4 Practical implications One of the most important implications of the results we have found is that in practice non-profit organizations should not only focus on a certain group of potential donors, but also come in contact with them through information. This way the donor will feel like a part of the organization as a whole. By letting the donors know what their future plans, initiatives and successes are. These organizations should try to find active donors who will eventually become dedicated to their cause and will donate themselves. References Smith, N. 2011, August 2), Charities ‘hit by funding cuts’ BBC News UK. Retrieved 16 November 2011 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-politics-14366522 McKenna, T and Noble, C. (2009, March 3). Non profit Finance Fund Survey: America’s Nonprofit in danger. Non profit finance fund. Retrieved16 November 2011 from http://nonprofitfinancefund. org/news/2009/nonprofit-finance-fund-survey-americas-nonprofits-danger Rabe Thomase, J. (2010, June 21) In recession, non-profit agencies see volunteers increase as funding shrinks. The CT Mirror. Retrieved 11 November 2011 from http://ctmirror. rg/story/6460/non-profits-gaining%20volunteers bfy. (2008) Non-profits in Carlisle: History of Non-profits in the U. S. Carlisle History.. Retrieved 18 November 2011 from http://carlislehistory. dickinson. edu/? page_id=278 bfy. (n. d. ) Knowledge Base. Grant space. Retrieved 11 November 2011 from http://grantspace. org/Tools/Knowledge-Base/Funding-Research/Statistics/Number-of-nonprofits-in-the-U. S n. d. The Jakarta post,. Retrieved 23 November 2011 from: http://www. thejakartapost. com/news/2011/10/26/lawmakers-accuse-greenpeace-illegal-activities. tml Brunel, F. F. , and Nelson. M. R. (2000). Explaining Gendered Responses to â€Å"Help-Self† and â€Å"Help-Others† Charity Ad Appeals: The Mediating Role of World-Views. Journal of Advertising, XXIX (3), 15-28. Knowles, P. , & Gomes, R. (2010). Building Relationships with Major -Gift Donors: A Major-Gift Decision-Making, Relationship-Building Model. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21 (4), 384-406. Sargeant, A. , & Woodliffe, L. (2007). Building Donor Loyalty: The Antecedents and Role of Commitment in the Context of Charity Giving. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18 (2), 47-68. Venable, B. T. , Rose, G. M. , Bush, V. D. , & Gilbert, F. W. (2005). The Role of Brand Personality in Charitable Giving: An Assessment and Validation. Academy of Marketing Science, 33 (3), 295-312. White, K. , & Peloza, J. (2009). Self-Benefit Versus Other-Benefit Marketing Appeals: Their Effectiveness in Generating Charitable Support. Journal of Marketing, 73 (July), 109-124. Appendix 1. Raw SPSS Output Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 Regression Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLinka| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | b. Dependent Variable: Mean_intention| Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| ,242a| ,059| ,054| ,86641| a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLink| ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 17,971| 2| 8,985| 11,970| ,000a| | Residual| 289,004| 385| ,751| | | | Total| 306,975| 387| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLink| b. Dependent Variable: Mean_intention| Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 4,012| ,258| | 15,523| ,000| | Mean_PersonalLink| -,053| ,048| -,062| -1,122| ,263| | Mean_Brandpersonality| ,258| ,054| ,262| 4,780| ,000| Hypothesis 3 T-test Group Statistics| | What is your current income| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Mean_intention| >= 3| 152| 4,8618| ,90656| ,07353| | < 3| 135| 5,1136| ,89235| ,07680|

Home Made Candles

Homemade Candle Materials: Matches Cotton Oil Salt Glass container Procedure: Step1: Put a salt in the container Step2: Put a little oil in the container Step3: History of Candles Candles have cast a light on man's progress for centuries. However, there is very little known about the origin of candles. Although it is often written that the first candles were developed by the Ancient Egyptians who used rush lights, or torches, made by soaking the pithy core of reeds in molten tallow, the rush lights had no wick like a candle.It is the Romans who are credited with developing the wick candle, using it to aid travellers at dark and lighting homes and places of worship at night. Like the early Egyptians, the Roman's relied on tallow, gathered from cattle or sheep suet, as the principal ingredient of candles. It was not until the Middle Ages when beeswax, a substance secreted by honey bees to make their honeycombs, was introduced. Beeswax candles were a marked improvement over those made w ith tallow, for they did not produce a smoky flame, or emit an acrid odor when burned.Instead, beeswax candles burned pure and clean. However, they were expensive, and, therefore, only the wealthy could afford them. Colonial women offered America's first contribution to candle making when they discovered that boiling the greyish green berries of bayberry bushes produced a sweet-smelling wax that burned clean. However, extracting the wax from the bayberries was extremely tedious. As a result, the popularity of bayberry candles soon diminished.The growth of the whaling industry in the late 18th century brought the first major change in candle making since the middle Ages, when spermaceti, a wax obtained by crystallizing sperm whale oil, became available in quantity. Like beeswax, the spermaceti wax did not elicit a repugnant odor when burned. Furthermore, spermaceti wax was found harder than both tallow and beeswax. It did not soften or bend in the summer heat. Historians note that th e first â€Å"standard candles† were made from spermaceti wax.It was during the 19th century when most major developments affecting contemporary candle making occurred. In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan introduced a machine which allowed continuous production of moulded candles by the use of a cylinder which featured a movable piston that ejected candles as they solidified. Further developments in candlemaking occurred in 1850 with the production of paraffin wax made from oil and coal shales. Processed by distilling the residues left after crude petroleum was refined, the bluish-white wax was found to burn cleanly, and with no unpleasant odor.Of greatest significance was its cost – paraffin wax was more economical to produce than any preceding candle fuel developed. And while paraffin's low melting point may have posed a threat to its popularity, the discovery of stearic acid solved this problem. Hard and durable, stearic acid was being produced in quantity by the end of the 19th century. By this period, most candles being manufactured consisted of paraffin and stearic acid. With the introduction of the light bulb in 1879, candlemaking declined until the turn of the century when a renewed popularity for candles emerged.Candle manufacturing was further enhanced during the first half of the 20th century through the growth of U. S. oil and meatpacking industries. With the increase of crude oil and meat production, also came an increase in the by-products that are the basic ingredients of contemporary candles paraffin and stearic acid. No longer man's major source of light, candles continue to grow in popularity and use. Today, candles symbolize celebration, mark romance, define ceremony, and accent decor — continuing to cast a warm glow for all to enjoy. Candle Use & SafetyHow are candles made? While modern candle-making processes vary, most candles are made through the timeless process of placing a cotton wick into wax which is then molded, di pped, extruded, pressed, rolled, drawn or filled into a desired shape and size. What is the best way to store candles? Candles should be stored in a cool, dark, dry place and, for tapers, in a flat position to prevent warping. When stored properly, candles can be enjoyed for years and play an important role in traditions. Does the industry have standards for candles?Domestic candle manufacturers have a long tradition of making high quality, long-lasting and safe candles. National Candle Association members – manufacturers and suppliers – are working with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) to implement voluntary standards for candles. Are candles safe to use? Candles are safe when burned properly and responsibly, and according to manufacturers’ directions. When burning candles, consumers should always follow these simple, common sense steps: †¢never leave a burning candle unattended keep candles out of the reach of children and pets †¢trim wicks prior to each use and keep trimmed †¢keep candles away from drafts, vents and flammable objects †¢extinguish a candle that smokes (check instructions before re-lighting) †¢extinguish candle when ? † of wax remains in a container †¢use only candle holders that have been manufactured for use with candles †¢keep matches and other debris out of the candle †¢Extinguish the flame if it burns too close to the container or holder do not move a glass container when the wax is liquid.

Interest Rates And Economic Growth - 1737 Words

INTEREST RATES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH DHRUV DHINGRA 18192804 Principles of Economics Term Assignment Index Title No. Particulars Page No. 1. Introduction/Significance of the Problem 3 2. Analysis 4 2.1 Illustration on the basis if analysis 6 3. Conclusion 9 4. References 10 Title 1 Introduction and Significance of the problem Economic growth of any country reflects its capacity to increase production of goods and services. The simplest definition of economic growth can be stated as the increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of that country that is the amount of goods and services produced within a country. Interest rate is one of the macroeconomic growth factors to economic growth, with its up’s and down’s the Interest rates†¦show more content†¦Depending on the credibility of the borrower, the fixed payback period is stated. While determining the interest rates, the payback period, the payback currency, and many more determinants of a loan are considered before the loan is given. For example, a company borrows capital from a bank to buy new assets for its business, the bank would grant the loan at a certain interest rate that would be paid in instalments by the company over a fixed period of time decided, whereas during the time of the loan, the bank would in return receive r ights on the new assets as collateral till the loan is paid back in full with interest. A commercial bank can usually borrow at much lower interest rates from the central bank that companies can borrow from the commercial bank, the difference at which the bank borrows from the central bank and to which it lends to its customers is where the bank earns its profit. 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What You Need to Do About Critical Reflection Example Essay Before Its Too Late

What You Need to Do About Critical Reflection Example Essay Before It's Too Late What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Critical Reflection Example Essay How you organize your essay is based on the outline. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. Critical essays narrow a wide topic and permit for depth of analysis. Self reflective essay do not need much research such as other kind of research. Critical Reflection Example Essay Options Don't forget, that critical reflection is an ongoing procedure. Continuing expert development can be viewed as a direct outcome of critical reflection. Through reflection and reflective practice, it's then feasible to develop a personal development program. Engage students in critical reflection prior to, during, and following the experience. Reflection essays aren't merely a school exercise. Wisdom is acquired through reflection of someone's experience in addition to of the surroundings. Reflection on practice involves a person's identification of what he or she should learn or be in a position to do in the expert atmosphere. Critical Reflection Example Essay Ideas Additional whenever you're traveling, you'll need to learn how to improvise and adapt to new circumstances. Coming out of my depression proved to be an organic approach. Just because experience is mentioned first does not necessarily mean it's always the very first step in the cycle. Permit the reader understand your experience clearly and the effect it might have in future. The Fight Against Critical Reflection Example Essay If it's possible to do an operation without using reflection, then it is better to avoid using it. Begin with a sentence to produce the reader want to continue reading. From the classes you can get info about plus far more info rmation related to Java classes. The Reflection API of Java programming language is quite effective and can be employed to get the information concerning the environment in which application is operating. The above mentioned code examples shows a tiny set of functions supplied by Java reflection. Your code will become slower. It becomes harder to understand. It becomes harder to debug. Critical reflection is believed upon at all times by the majority of people on an everyday basis. You must be in a position to reflect internally and attempt to know the authentic gist of a thing or an object. To put it differently, it's the action of writing something out of your own perspective and reflection of the things that you're most aware of. Put on the experience in a meaningful way within the next paragraph. Finding Critical Reflection Example Essay on the Web It is crucial to assess the work and directly comply with each assertion with supporting evidence. A well-written thesis should earn a debatable claim and include a supportable reason behind that claim. There are plenty of theories associated with the way individuals learn. After the vark styles are taken into account, then it's obvious that some teaching methods are better suited for certain learners. The Advantages of Critical Reflection Example Essay The Gibbs (1988) model of reflection implies that the procedure for reflection is systematic and follows lots of particular actions as a way to be prosperous. Even though the important reflection procedure may appear simple it could be in depth based on the situation available. An excellent reflection paper may also engage the community as whole also. Professional reflection paper takes a method for the analysis of specialist behavior which is rather widely used among social workers together with teachers. Nursing professionals are anticipated to supply the very best care possible because the public naturally entrust inside them. Nursing can many times be an emotionally charged career, particularly for nurses working in areas like psychiatric wellbeing and palliative care. Reflection is critical for nursing professionals not only since they wil l supply the very best care possible but additionally for the nurses own peace of mind so that they may have a terrific balance in their house and work domains. Thus, the objective of the policymaker and healthcare practitioners is to make conditions that enhance health in any respect times. The Battle Over Critical Reflection Example Essay and How to Win It If you are searching for help with critical essay writing, OZessay is your very best bet. Students may not mind sharing their understanding and understanding about content by making use of their classmates, but might be less inclined to share emotional responses with other people. The purpose of this essay is to provide a reflective account of my experience of private improvement. Writing is among the things that I used to hate the most. An essay was defined in an assortment of means. Follow this guide and you'll be writing an impressive reflective essay immediately.

Business Plan - 2184 Words

UNIQUE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE BSB60407- ADVANCED DIPLOMA OF MANAGEMENT BSBMGT617A- DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A BUSINESS PLAN ASSESSMENT TASK 1- ANALYSE A BUSINESS PLAN STUDENT NAME: MA. REBECCA M. BEREDO STUDENT ID: UIC0159 Compare and Contrast the business plan of the quality training business plan and gallery/coffee. BUSINESS PLAN 1 Areas | The quality training business plan | Objective | The company objectives of quality training are: a) To provide complete financial projection of plan year b) To present a written document for the management of the development business and training c) The participants of this business plan includes the company owners and the representatives from the State Training Authority |†¦show more content†¦Quality Training is a Pty Ltd Company with two directors who manage and own the company | Company ownership | Quality Training Company is owned by Michael Chapman and Elliot Berkley. The profit and loss statement for the end of financial year 2005 is attached. | Company locations and facilities | It is a home office business, which is located in the study area of the owners’ existing home. They have computer and laptop with internet access, telephone and mobile phone for the directors, data projector and utilities provided for are to be charged to the business as a percentage of home usage. | Services | National recognised qualifications 1. Certificate IV in Business 2. Certificate II in Retail Operations 3. Certificate III in Retail Supervision 4. WorkCover OHS Committee TrainingStand-alone 1. Manual Handling 2. Presentation Skills 3. Time Management 4. Selling Skills 5. Customer Service | Competitive comparison | There are three classes of competition that have been identified by Quality Training. First, In-house training departments/personnel employed by bigger businesses that can pay the fixed costs of staffs. 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Bill William Gates free essay sample

Bill ( William ) Gates Bill Gates ( William Henry Gates III ) the richest adult male in the universe, the computing machine baron, laminitis and proprietor of Microsoft. His first computing machine plan Gates created in 13 old ages. He loves autos, boats and drama fire hook. He was venturesome in to manic, and a passion for competition draws him more money. He neer ate at place because he did non desire to blow clip on cooking. Bill Gates was born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington, USA. He was the eldest and merely boy into the household of yurista.Etot modest, even diffident and somewhat awkward kid dreamed of going a professor of mathematics and was non at all like his male parent a high-handsome, successful attorney. Despite the alone abilities in mathematics and logic, Gates did non demo the leading skills built-in to his parents. They could non believe that their boy would go a existent shark concern universe. In 1980 Microsoft developed the operating system MS-DOS ( Microsoft Disk Operation System ) for the first IBM Personal computer, which became the mid 1980 s the primary operating system in the U.S. market personal computers. Gates so began developing package applications Excel spreadsheet and text editor, Word, and by the terminal of 1980 Microsoft has become a leader in this field. In 1986, let go ofing the company s portions into a free market, Gates, aged 31 became a billionaire. In 1990 the company introduced a shell Windows 3.0, in which verbal bids have been replaced by an icon selected by utilizing the mouse, doing it much easier utilizing a computing machine. In the early 1990 s Window were sold in measures of 1 million transcripts per month. By the terminal of 1990 about 90 % of all personal computing machines worldwide were equipped with the package Microsoft. January 1, 1994 Gates married Melinda French. They have three kids Jennifer Katharine Gates ) ( born April 26, 1996 ) , Rory John Gates ( born May 23, 1999 ) and Phoebe Adele Gates ( born September 14, 2002 ) . They live in a really big house on a hillside overlooking Lake Washington. This is a really modern house of the Twenty-one century in the manner of Pacific House, full of sophisticated electronic systems ( alleged. Smart house ) In another regard, he looks more like a manor Eighteen and Nineteen century: it has a big private library with room for reading. Although he had many authoritative characteristics, the house has many alone characteristics. At the entryway of visitants interviewed, after which they are given a micro chip. A little bit sends signals, in conformity with which the temperature alterations in the suites, music and other factors in conformity with the penchants of the visitant, selected them in progress. March 2, 2005 British Foreign office announced that Gates received the rubric Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( an parallel of a knighthood, which can have merely a citizen of the United Kingdom ; knighthood gives right to be called sir and the rubric of Knight Commander of Most Excellent Orders added after the name of the letters KBE ) for his part to British concern and its attempts to cut down poorness in the universe. By the terminal of 2005, Bill Gates and his married woman Melinda Gates were named the American Time magazine Persons of the twelvemonth. June 15, 2006 Bill Gates announced his purpose in July 2008 to vacate as Chairman of the Board of Directors Microsoft . Bill Gates has frequently visits schools and are ever on their presentations sharing his experience and vision of planetary jobs. Each clip the stoping statement, he said about the 11 things that he believes do non learn in school. He talks about how instruction in the spirit of his political-correctness has created a coevals of kids who are disconnected from world and can non last in the rough universe. Rule 1:Life is non just get used to it. Rule 2:The Company perfectly do non care about your self-esteem. Of you are waiting ACHIEVEMENTS foremost. Rule 3:You will non gain $ 60,000 a twelvemonth right out of high school. You will non be a frailty president with a personal driver, until you earn both. Rule 4:If you think that the instructor is excessively terrible in relation to you it s flowers. Wait until you will hold a foreman. Rule 5:Frying beefburgers beneath your self-respect? Your grandparents had felt rather otherwise. For them, fry Burgers was an chance to catch on in this life. Rule 6:If you have something non work out, it s non the mistake of your parents, so make non whine, larn from their errors. Rule 7:Parents do non ever have such a drilling, as you now think. Possibly the changeless attention of you took them so? They fed you, clothed, ever listen to what you re fantastic. So before you criticize their parents coevals, start with yourself. Rule 8:Possibly your school does non open decently be called a also-ran and a also-ran in your school no longer exists also-rans, but non in life. In some schools no longer possible to remain for the 2nd twelvemonth, because it gives you a base on balls test as many times as necessary to reassign to another category. Life is really different. Rule 9:Life is non divided into semesters. You will hold no summer holiday, and your employer will non assist you to happen yourself. You have to make it themselves in their trim clip. Rule 10:The Television show is non existent life. In existent life, do non acquire the whole twenty-four hours sitting in a coffeehouse and confab with friends. Rule 11:Polaskovee with phytologists. One of them may be your foreman after graduation.

Study on E-Commerce Essay Example

Study on E-Commerce Essay Prospects of E-Commerce in India Shweta Sharma, Sugandha Mittal Management Department, Swami Devi Dayal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Barwala, Haryana, India Abstract E-Commerce has unleashed yet another revolution, which is changing the way businesses buy and sell products and services. . E-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. India is showing tremendous growth in the Ecommerce. The low cost of the PC and the growing use of the Internet is one of reasons for that. There is a growing awareness among the business community in India about the opportunities offered by eCommerce. The future does look very bright for ecommerce in India with even the stock exchanges coming online providing a online stock portfolio and status with a fifteen minute delay in prices. . In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million Internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries. 4800 crore online market in 2007-08. The travel portal MakeMyTrip. com has attained Rs 1000 crores of turnovers which are around 20% of total e-commerce market in India. Further an annual growth of 65% has been anticipated annually in the travel portals alone. 3. Growth of e-commerce During the year 2000-2001, two major Industry Associations produced separate reports on e-commerce in India. One was prepared by the National Committee on ECommerce set up the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), while the other was commissioned by the NASSCOM and prepared by the Boston Consulting Group. Both the reports are optimistic about the growth of e-commerce in India. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) report estimates the volume of e-commerce to grow to Rs 500 billion (US$ 10. billion) in the year 2003. The NASSCOM-BCG Report, on the other hand, estimates for the same year that the total volume of ecommerce will be Rs 1,950 billion (US$ 41. 5 billion). Amul, a milk cooperative, is successfully using ecommerce to deepen its brand loyalty. Likewise, corporate in the automotive sector are improving their customer relations through this medium. Some of th e new names that are rediscovering e-commerce through new portals at relatively low capital cost, without venture capital funding include: Key 2 crorepati, Music Absolute, Gate 2 Biz. The low cost of the PC and the growing use of he Internet has shown the tremendous growth of Ecommerce in India, in the recent years. According to the Indian Ecommerce Report released by Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB International, â€Å" The total online transactions in India was Rs. 7080 crores (approx $1. 75 billion) in the year 20062007 and expected to grow by 30% to touch 9210 crores (approx $2. 15 billion) by the year 2007-2008. According to a McKinsey-Nasscom report the e-commerce transactions in India are expected to reach $100 billion by the 2008. Although, as compared to the western countries, India is still in is its initial stage of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Study on E-Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study on E-Commerce specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study on E-Commerce specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer E-Marketer forecasts that online sales will more than double by reaching $168. 7 billion in 2011. market share is moving toward Australia, India and especially China. China’s share of regional B2C e-commerce will grow more than threefold from 4. 1% in 2006 to 14. 3% by 2011. At the low end, South Korea’s B2C e-commerce sales 1. Introduction As a symbol of globalization and in many ways its leading feature, e-commerce represents the cutting edge of success in this digital age. E-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium, i. e. the Internet or phone. On the Internet, it pertains to a website, which sells products or services directly from the site using a shopping cart or shopping basket system and allows credit card payments. It involves conducting business with the help of the electronic media, making use of the information technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). In simple words, Electronic commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over the World Wide Web. Customers can purchase anything right from a car or a cake sitting comfortably in his room and gift it to someone sitting miles apart just by click of a mouse. 2. Scope of e-commerce India is showing tremendous growth in the Ecommerce. Rival tradeindia. com has 700,000 registered buyers and it has the growth rate of 35% every year which is likely to double in the year 2010. Indiamart. com claims revenues of Rs. 38 crores and has a growing rate of 50 every year. It receives around 500,000 enquiries per month. Undoubtedly, with the middle class of 288 million people, online shopping shows unlimited potential in India. The real estate costs are touching the sky. The travel portals share in the online business contributed to 50% of Rs will grow by 13. 3% over the same period. Between 2006 and 2011, the aggregate CAGR for the five countries will be 23. 3%. E-commerce in these markets will have come of age when consumers start buying more expensive, high-touch categories such as apparel, home furnishings and jewelry. 4. Status of e-commerce in India Today E-commerce is a byword in Indian society and it has become an integral part of our daily life. There are websites providing any number of goods and services. Then there are those, which provide a specific product along with its allied services Multi-product e-commerce- These Indian E-commerce portals provide goods and services in a variety of categories. To name a few: Apparel and accessories for men and women, Health and beauty products , Books and magazines, Computers and peripherals, Vehicles, Software, Consumer electronics, Household appliances, Jewelry, Audio/video, entertainment, goods, Gift articles, Real estate and services Single-product e-commerce Some Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example: 1) Automobiles- On these sites we can buy and sell fourwheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are: Car research and reviews, Online evaluation, Technical specifications, Vehicle Insurance, Vehicle Finance. ) Stocks and shares and e-commerce- In India today, we can even deal in stocks and shares through e-commerce. Some of the services offered to registered members are: Online buying/selling of stocks and shares, Market analysis and research, Company information, Comparison of companies, Research on Equity and Mutual Funds. 3) Real estate and e-commerce - They provide information on new properties as well as properties for resale. One can deal directly with developer through consultant. Allied services: Housing Finance, Insurance companies, Architects Interior Designers, NRI services, Packers Movers. ) Travel tourism and e-commerce- India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: Adventure trekking, mountain climbing etc, Eco-Themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna. 5) Gifts and e-commerce- In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. The gifts are categorized as: Collectibles like paintings and sculptures, Luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc, household curios and carpets, etc, Toys games, Chocolates, Flowers, Woodcraft metal-craft. Fig. 1 sales of selected countries in Asia Pacific Online travel is the largest e-commerce sales category in most major countries. For the same group of five countries, plus New Zealand, online leisure and unmanaged business travel sales totaled about $17. 7 billion in 2007 and are forecast to rise to $41. 7 billion by 2011. E-Marketer forecasts that from 2006 to 2011 online travel sales will grow at a 24. % annual rate, higher than the 23. 3% rate for B2C e-commerce. This indicates that travel is one of the key drivers of e-commerce sales in the APAC region. Fig. 2 Graph of sales in selected countries In China and India, online-travel spending drives B2C ecommerce sales, and it accounts for a majority of total sales. Consumers are less wary of buying servic es like train or airline tickets online, and sellers can avoid the logistics and delivery problems associated with physical goods. Jeffrey Grau, senior analyst at e Marketer, said that such preferences underscore how e-commerce in the region has a vast amount of growth ahead. ) Hobbies and e-commerce- The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. The books cover a wide range of topics like Business, Art, Cookery, Engineering, Children’s Stories, Health, Medicine, Biographies, Horror, Home Garden, etc. 7) Matrimony and E- commerce- It is said that marriages are made in heaven, but in the world of E-commerce they are made on marriage portals One can search for a suitable match on their websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Allied services for registered members: Astrological services, Information on Customs and Rituals, Legal issues, Health Beauty, Fashion Style, Wedding Planners. 8) Employment and e-commerce- Two major portals like www. Monsterindia. com and www. naukri. com (meaning job. com in Hindi) are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. The service for job seekers is free and for Employers they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education. 5. Facilitators in Chennai, Lucknow and will shortly set up offices in Delhi, Mumbai, Kathmandu, Bhopal. 2) Candid Info: This Indian E-commerce company is based in New Delhi. It is a renowned Offshore Outsource Web designing development e-commerce Company. It offers off shore web development, designing, and SEO solutions for large corporations and SMEs. 3) Chenab Information Technologies Private Limited: This E-commerce company in India comprises of web enabled business and web bases services, airline and security systems by using the internet technologies and tools of the state of the art. The company has three Software Development centers in Mumbai and the overseas branch office in New York. It is the first software company across the globe to get the certification of ISO 9001:2000. 4) Euro link Systems Limited: This leading E-commerce company provides consulting and e-business solutions, FlexTCA Systems, Trillium Protocol services to the global community. The company has its office in England, U. S, Switzerland, and India with about 200 employee strength. 5) HashPro Technologies: It offers e-business and traditional analysis, development, implementation, design and strategic planning. It is a leader in the provider of integrated talent management software organization in India. It is key technology consulting provider. It renders services like the E-commerce Hosting, Internet Marketing and Human Resources. The e-Workforce initiative of the company will enable the company to become a 100 percent e-Corporation. 6) Compare Info Base: The company is leading provider of e-commerce portals and IT solutions. The company manages about 1500 websites and portals with 4000 domain names. It has web presence in Maps, SoftwareDevelopment, GISTravel, Education, Media, and Greetings etc. It specializes in Content development services, Website development services; PHP Programming Development etc. It has its office in Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi. 7) Sanver E-solutions: This company is based in Mumbai. They believe that Information Technology is a way to the business objectives. It is a IT consulting and Solutions Provider which offers personalized and personal business solutions using Information and Communication Technology. ) Planet Asia: This E-commerce company in India uses track record and deep experience in externalized applications to produce high quality B2SPEC(Business to Partner, Supplier, Customer) solutions to global enterprises. 9) Candid Web Technology- This fast growing E Commerce Company in India is a provider of Complete of e-commerce in India A. Information directories: The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Allied services provided by them: Message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc. B. Banks: 1) Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder’s behalf, Financial Planning advice, Electronic Funds Transfer, Loans to account-holders. 2) Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. . List of Top E-Commerce Companies of India 1) ASA Systel Communications Pvt Ltd: It is a leading E-commerce company in India which provides innovative and superb quality web services which encompasses the building of e-commerce related websites and portals. The company also uses the latest payment modes and security. The company has its offices Web Solutions for the design and development of dynamic web sites . The clients of the e-commerce company spans from the small scale companies to corporate organizations. 0) Trisoft Design: Trisoft Systems is a software services company that offers solutions exclusively on the Microsoft Platform to customers worldwide. 10 years of experience on the Microsoft Platform puts the company at the forefront of . Net Technology. We invite you to explore our website and we look forward to helping your business unleash its potential. †¢ The young population find online transactions much easier 8. Bottom of Form Barriers to Ecommerce in India Some of the infrastructural barriers responsible for slow growth of eCommerce in India are as follows. Some of these even present new business opportunities. A. Payment Collection: When get paid by net banking one has to end up giving a significant share of revenue (4% or more) even with a business of thin margin. This effectively means y parting away with almost half of profits. Fraudulent charges, charge backs etc. all become merchant’s responsibility and hence to be accounted for in the business model. B. Logistics: You have to deliver the product, safe and secure, in the hands of the right guy in right time frame. Regular post doesn’t offer an acceptable service level; couriers have high charges and limited reach. Initially, you might have to take insurance for high value shipped articles increasing the cost. C. Vendor Management: However advanced system may be, vendor will have to come down and deal in an inefficient system for inventory management. This will slow down drastically. Most of them won’t carry any digital data for their products. No nice looking photographs, no digital data sheet, no mechanism to check for daily prices, availability to keep your site updated. D. Taxation: Octroi, entry tax, VAT and lots of state specific forms which accompany them. This can be confusing at times with lots of exceptions and special rules. E. Limited Internet access among customers and SMEs F. Poor telecom connectivity and infrastructure for reliable 7. Benefits of E-Commerce to Businesses There is a growing awareness among the business community in India about the opportunities offered by eCommerce. Ease of Internet access and navigation are the critical factors that will result in rapid adoption of Net commerce. Safe and secure payment modes are crucial too along with the need to invent and popularize innovations such as Mobile Commerce. India Reports provides accurate and easy to understand India specific reports that capture trends, map business landscapes and custom-made reports for specific needs. The other reports available on India Reports are on retail, outsourcing, tourism, food and other emerging sectors in India. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easy reach to a fast growing online community Unlimited shelf place for products and services Fuse the global geographical and time zone boundaries Helps reach national and global markets at low operating costs. Research studies have indicated several factors responsible for the sudden spurt in growth of ECommerce in India such as: †¢ †¢ Rapidly increasing Internet user base Technology advancements such as VOIP (Voiceover-IP) have bridged the gap between buyers and sellers online The emergence of blogs as an avenue for information dissemination and two-way communication for online retailers and eCommerce vendors Improved fraud prevention technologies that offer a safe and secure business environment and help prevent credit card frauds, identity thefts and phishing Bigger web presence of SME’s and Corporate because of lower marketing and infrastructure costs. †¢ G. Multiple gaps in the current legal and regulatory framework H. Multiple issues of trust and lack of payment gateways: privacy of personal and business data connected over the Internet not assured; security and confidentiality of data not in place. †¢ †¢ 9. Future of E-Commerce in India Today, we are talking about e-commerce progress level of India, the seventh-largest by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Indian eCommerce space percentage is getting higher as more and more online retailers enter the market. Although this level of entry in the e-commerce market is good from a long term perspective, the challenge is that most entrepreneurs don’t have the resources or capital to wait for years before they can get profits. The past 2 years have seen a rise in the number of companies embracing e-commerce technologies and the Internet in India. Most e-commerce sites have been targeted towards the NRIs with Gift delivery services, books, Audio and videocassettes e. t. c. Major Indian portal sites have also shifted towards e-commerce instead of depending on advertising revenue. The web communities built around these portal sites with content have been effectively targeted to sell everything from event and movie tickets the grocery and computers. This is not to say that the e-commerce scenario has been bad in India as highly successful e-business like baba bazaar and India mart have proved. Indian Banks too have been very successful in adapting EC and EDI Technologies to provide customers with real time account status, transfer of funds between current and checking accounts, stop payment facilities. ICICI Bank, Global TRUST BANK AND UTI-Bank also have put their electronic banking over the internet facilities in place for the up coming e-commerce market speed post also plain to clone the federal express story with online package status at any moment in time . The future does look very bright for e-commerce in India with even the stock exchanges coming online providing a online stock portfolio and status with a fifteen minute delay in prices. The day cannot be far when with RBI regulations will able to see stock transfer and sale over the Net with specialized services. to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million Internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries. Internet economy will then become more meaningful in India. With the rapid expansion of internet, ecommerce, is set to play a very important role in the 21st century, the new opportunities that will be thrown open, will be accessible to both large corporations and small companies. The role of government is to provide a legal framework for E Commerce so that while domestic and international trade are allowed to expand their horizons, basic rights such as privacy, intellectual property, prevention of fraud, consumer protection etc are all taken care of. REFERENCES [1] Sinha (April 2009), â€Å"Ecommerce in India – The Real Challenges† [2] Chaudhury, Abijit; Jean-Pierre Kuilboer (2002). EBusiness and e-Commerce Infrastructure. McGraw-Hill. [3] Frieden, Jonathan D. ; Roche, Sean Patrick (2006), ECommerce: Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia, Richmond Journal of Law Technology,13 (2). [4] Miller, Roger (2002), â€Å"The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today†, Thomson Learning, pp. 741 pages. [5] Turban E, Lee J King D and Chung H M (1999),† Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective†, Prentice Hall [6] Ubois, Jeff (1995), â€Å"Wheels of Commerce- an Interview with commerce†, pp 62-69 [7] Megna, Michelle (2008); â€Å"E-Commerce Trends for 2008 and 2009†. [8] Rastogi, Rajiv; â€Å"Country’s report on E Commerce Initiatives†. 10. Conclusion A developing country can become industrialized and modernized if it can extensively apply IT to enhance productivity and international competitiveness, develop ecommerce and e-governance applications. An information-based society or knowledge based society is composed of IT products, IT applications in society and economy as a whole. Many countries in Asia are taking advantage of e-commerce through opening of economies, which is essential for promoting competition and diffusion of Internet technologies. Large enough to have a critical mass of 10 to 20 million users to be able to make an impact on e-commerce and e-governance. In the next 3